Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes. Engineers also consider the transfer of mass of differing chemical species, either cold or hot, to achieve heat transfer. While these mechanisms have distinct characteristics, they often occur simultaneously in the same system. In this book "Handbook of Heat Transfer", recent advances in heat transfer are discussed, providing data and methodology to solve a wide range of heat transfer problems. The topics considered include: basic concepts of heat transfer, mathematical methods, thermophysical properties, conduction, and numerical methods in heat transfer, natural convection, and internal duct flow and external flows in forced convection, etc.
1. Introduction 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Momentum transfer 2
3. Heat and mass transfer 3
3. Relations between heat, momentum, and mass transfer 6
4. Units and dimensions 8
5. Outline of the book 9
Epilogue 21
References 22
2. Conservation Equations for Mass, Momentum, and Energy 25
1. Introduction 25
2. Continuity equation 26
3. Momentum equations 29
4. Internal energy and enthalpy equations 30
5. Conservation equations for turbulent flows 35
6. Equations of motion: summary 35
Epilogue 36
References 36
3. Boundary-Layer Equations 40
1. Introduction 40
2. Two-dimensional incompressible flows 40
3. Incompressible axisymmetric flows 48
4. Two-dimensional axisymmetric compressible flows 49
5. Integral equations 51
6. Boundary conditions 53
References 56
4. Laminar Boundary Layers 59
1. Introduction 59
2. Similarity concept 60
3. Falkner-skan transformation for external boundary layers 60
4. Two-dimensional similar flows 62
5. Two-dimensional no similar flows 66
6. Axisymmetric flows 68
7. Wall jets and film cooling 69
8. Free shear flows 71
Epilogue 78
References 79
5. Laminar Duct Flows 82
1. Introduction 82
2. Fully developed duct flow 82
3. Thermal entry length for a fully developed velocity field 85
4. Hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths 89
Conclusion 90
References 90
6. Turbulent Boundary Layers 94
1. Introduction 94
2. Turbulence models 95
3. Similarity concept 99
4. The inner layer 99
5. The outer layer 108
6. The whole layer 110
7. Two-dimensional boundary layers with zero pressure gradient 111
8. Prediction of transition 116
9. Two-dimensional flows with pressure gradient: integral methods 116
10. Wall jets and film cooling 117
7. Turbulent Duct Flows 119
1. Introduction 119
2. Fully developed duct flow 120
3. Thermal entry length for a fully developed velocity field 129
4. Hydrodynamic and thermal entry lengths 130
References 132
8. Buoyant Flows 135
1. Introduction 135
2. Natural-convection boundary layers 136
3. Combined natural- and forced-convection boundary layers 150
4. Wall jets and film heating or cooling 152
5. Natural and forced convection in duct flows 153
6. Natural convection in flee shear flows 157
Conclusion 158
References 158
9. Finite-Difference Solution of Boundary-Layer Equations: Internal Flows 162
1. Introduction 162
2. Review of Numerical Methods for Boundary-Layer Equations 163
References 167
10. Finite Difference Solution of Boundary-Layer Equations: External Flows 170
1. Introduction 170
2. Boundary-Layer Equations for Compressible Flows 171
3. Cebeci-Smith Algebraic Eddy Viscosity Formulation 172
4. Solution of Mass, Momentum, and Energy Equations for Boundary-
Layer Flows 172
5. Block-Elimination Method 174
Conclusion 174
11. Computer Programs and Their Applications to Momentum
and Heat Transfer 177
1. Introduction 177
2. Fortran program for compressible boundary-layer flows 178
3. Hess-smith panel method 182
4. Forced and free convection between two vertical parallel plates 182
5. Turbulent free jet 185
6. Mixing layer between two uniform streams at different temperatures 188
7. Computer programs for calculating momentum and heat transfer in laminar and turbulent flows by integral methods 189
Conclusion 215
References 215
Florine Solis obtained her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Public Research University, Colchester. She is an Adjunct Professor at State College, Zurich. Her academic and research interests lie in heat transfer phenomena, heat exchangers, and heat treatment applications in engineering. Solis has produced numerous writing, which includes scholarly articles, journal papers, and books in these fields.
